復合材料英文經典著作（十六）《長纖增強熱塑性復合材料成型工藝及其靜態、動態載荷下的力學行為》
作者：Melanie Rohde-Tibitanzl
出版社：漢澤爾出版社，慕尼黑
近幾十年來，纖維增強樹脂基復合材料被廣泛應用。纖維增強熱塑性復合材料的加工性能優異，可用于取代許多金屬部件。由于其在剛度、強度、耐熱性、彎曲性能、沖擊載荷下的力學性能、可回收利用、密度、成本和集成化生產潛力等方面具有明顯的優勢，纖維增強熱塑性復合材料在近幾年得到迅速發展。2013年歐洲復合材料市場產值占份額的33%，產量份額為22%。
2013年美國復合材料市場產值占份額的36%，產量份額為35%。自1960年以來，聚合物基復合材料以每年6%的速度增長，現已占美國結構材料份額的16%（鋼鐵：76%；鋁：8%）。同期，鋼鐵每年產量基本保持不變，鋁每年產量的增幅不到1%。
復合材料工業的發展主要由以下幾個領域所驅動：
—汽車/交通運輸；
—風能；
—航空航天。
截至2015年，熱塑性復合材料每年需求量的增長率都高于平均水平。與熱固性復合材料相比，熱塑性復合材料具有更高的性能質量比、低成本、可二次成型和更強的可設計性等優勢。
玻璃纖維（GF）增強聚丙烯（PP）/尼龍（PA）復合材料作為性能優異的結構材料在汽車領域中得到良好的應用。例如在汽車前部、儀表盤、車門模塊和車身底部結構件的制造中，此類材料占據了主導地位。
纖維長徑比是決定長纖維增強熱塑性復合材料（LFRT）制品力學性能的主要因素。制品中纖維長度受加工工藝影響極大。因此由傳統工藝制備的長纖維增強熱塑性復合材料（LFRT）制品的性能往往達不到預期效果。傳統加工工藝分為：手工成型、注塑、模壓成型、連續拉擠成型和連續擠出成型。新型直接成型法結合了雙螺桿共混和注塑成型工藝的優勢，正逐漸用于制備長纖維增強熱塑性復合材料（LFRT）產品，該工藝可有效避免纖維損傷。且隨著制品中纖維平均長度的增加，部件的力學性能隨之提高。
目錄：
PREFACE
1 NTRODUCTION
2 STATE OF THE ART
2.1 Processing of Long Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastic Composites (LFRT)
2.2 General mechanisms of fiber length degradation during direct processing
2.3 Fiber length degradation during injection molding compounding
2.3.1 Fiber fracture in the compounding extruder
2.3.2 Fiber fracture due to the valves
2.3.3 Fiber fracture during melt buffering and injection
2.3.4 Fiber alignment and fiber fracture during cavity filling
2.4 Determination of Fiber Length
2.5 Static Properties of Fiber-Reinforced Thermoplastic Composites
2.5.1 Micromechanics under Static Load
2.5.2 Modeling of Static Properties
2.5.3 Influences on Static Properties of Fiber- Reinforced Thermoplastic Composites
2.6 Dynamic Properties of Fiber-Reinforced Thermoplastic Composites
2.6.1 Micromechanics under Dynamic Load
2.6.2 Measurement Methods for Fatigue
2.6.3 Influences on Dynamic Properties of Fiber-Reinforced Thermoplastic Composites
3 ConCLUSIONS FROM THE CURRENT STATE OF THE ART—MOTIVATION & AIM
4 EXPERIMENTAL: METHODS & MATERIALS
4.1 Aim: Processing Influences on Composite Properties in Injection Molding Compounding
4.1.1 Injection Molding Compounding & Injection Molding
4.1.2 Morphology Determination
4.1.2.1 Fiber Length Analysis
4.1.2.2 Measurement of Distribution
4.1.2.3 Determination of Fiber Orientation
4.2 Aim: Influences of Fiber Length on Static Properties
4.3 Aim: Influences of Fiber Length on Fatigue Properties
4.4 Materials
4.4.1 Matrix Systems
4.4.2 Glass Fibers
4.4.3 Coupling Agents
4.4.4 Manufactured Composites
5 INFLUENCES ON MATERIAL PROPERTIES IN DIRECT PROCESSING
5.1 Influence of Screw Setup and Fiber Inlet
5.2 Influence of Processing Parameters and Number of Rovings
5.3 Conclusion of Process Investigation: Fiber Length Degradation in the IMC
5.3.1 Fiber Fracture in the Compounding Extruder
5.3.2 Fiber Fracture during Melt Buffering and Injection
5.3.3 Fiber Fracture during Cavity Filling
5.4 Fiber Alignment during Cavity Filling
6 INFLUENCE OF FIBER LENGTH ON COMPOSITE PROPERTIES UNDER STATIC LOAD
6.1 Short Term Properties of Glass Fiber Reinforced Composites
6.2 Modelling of Fiber Length Influence on Short Term Properties
6.3 Micromechanical Phenomena under Static Load
6.4 Conclusions from the Previous Paragraphs
7 INFLUENCE OF FIBER LENGTH ON COMPOSITE PROPERTIES UNDER FATIGUE LOAD
7.1 Long Term Properties of Glass Fiber Reinforced Composites
7.2 Self-Heating of the Samples during Testing
7.3 Modelling of Fiber Length Influence on Long Term Properties
7.4 Micromechanical Phenomena under Dynamic Load
7.5 Conclusions from the Previous Paragraphs
7.6 S-N-Curves of seleced Composites
7.6.1 Residual Strength after Dynamic Testing
7.6.2 Conclusions from the Previous Paragraphs
8 FUTURE PERSPECTIVES: TRANSFER TO REALITY
9 DEUTSCHE ZUSAMMENFASSUNG
10 ABBREVIATIONS, EQUATIONS & INDICES
10.1 Abbreviation
10.2 Formula Symbols
10.3 Indices
11 LITERATURE
12 OWN PUBLICATIONS RELATED TO THIS THESIS
Curriculum Vitae
作者簡介：
1979年5月 出生于德國奧伊廷；
1998年 德國蒂門多爾費爾斯特蘭德中學畢 業；
2007年 獲亞琛工業大學博士學位；
2007-2012年 德國拜羅伊特大學高分子工程研究院，研究員；
2012-至今 住友德馬格塑料機械有限公司技術開發部，工程師。
更多詳細報道請關注復材網www.lzzz.net
出版社：漢澤爾出版社，慕尼黑
近幾十年來，纖維增強樹脂基復合材料被廣泛應用。纖維增強熱塑性復合材料的加工性能優異，可用于取代許多金屬部件。由于其在剛度、強度、耐熱性、彎曲性能、沖擊載荷下的力學性能、可回收利用、密度、成本和集成化生產潛力等方面具有明顯的優勢，纖維增強熱塑性復合材料在近幾年得到迅速發展。2013年歐洲復合材料市場產值占份額的33%，產量份額為22%。
2013年美國復合材料市場產值占份額的36%，產量份額為35%。自1960年以來，聚合物基復合材料以每年6%的速度增長，現已占美國結構材料份額的16%（鋼鐵：76%；鋁：8%）。同期，鋼鐵每年產量基本保持不變，鋁每年產量的增幅不到1%。
復合材料工業的發展主要由以下幾個領域所驅動：
—汽車/交通運輸；
—風能；
—航空航天。
截至2015年，熱塑性復合材料每年需求量的增長率都高于平均水平。與熱固性復合材料相比，熱塑性復合材料具有更高的性能質量比、低成本、可二次成型和更強的可設計性等優勢。
玻璃纖維（GF）增強聚丙烯（PP）/尼龍（PA）復合材料作為性能優異的結構材料在汽車領域中得到良好的應用。例如在汽車前部、儀表盤、車門模塊和車身底部結構件的制造中，此類材料占據了主導地位。
纖維長徑比是決定長纖維增強熱塑性復合材料（LFRT）制品力學性能的主要因素。制品中纖維長度受加工工藝影響極大。因此由傳統工藝制備的長纖維增強熱塑性復合材料（LFRT）制品的性能往往達不到預期效果。傳統加工工藝分為：手工成型、注塑、模壓成型、連續拉擠成型和連續擠出成型。新型直接成型法結合了雙螺桿共混和注塑成型工藝的優勢，正逐漸用于制備長纖維增強熱塑性復合材料（LFRT）產品，該工藝可有效避免纖維損傷。且隨著制品中纖維平均長度的增加，部件的力學性能隨之提高。
目錄：
PREFACE
1 NTRODUCTION
2 STATE OF THE ART
2.1 Processing of Long Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastic Composites (LFRT)
2.2 General mechanisms of fiber length degradation during direct processing
2.3 Fiber length degradation during injection molding compounding
2.3.1 Fiber fracture in the compounding extruder
2.3.2 Fiber fracture due to the valves
2.3.3 Fiber fracture during melt buffering and injection
2.3.4 Fiber alignment and fiber fracture during cavity filling
2.4 Determination of Fiber Length
2.5 Static Properties of Fiber-Reinforced Thermoplastic Composites
2.5.1 Micromechanics under Static Load
2.5.2 Modeling of Static Properties
2.5.3 Influences on Static Properties of Fiber- Reinforced Thermoplastic Composites
2.6 Dynamic Properties of Fiber-Reinforced Thermoplastic Composites
2.6.1 Micromechanics under Dynamic Load
2.6.2 Measurement Methods for Fatigue
2.6.3 Influences on Dynamic Properties of Fiber-Reinforced Thermoplastic Composites
3 ConCLUSIONS FROM THE CURRENT STATE OF THE ART—MOTIVATION & AIM
4 EXPERIMENTAL: METHODS & MATERIALS
4.1 Aim: Processing Influences on Composite Properties in Injection Molding Compounding
4.1.1 Injection Molding Compounding & Injection Molding
4.1.2 Morphology Determination
4.1.2.1 Fiber Length Analysis
4.1.2.2 Measurement of Distribution
4.1.2.3 Determination of Fiber Orientation
4.2 Aim: Influences of Fiber Length on Static Properties
4.3 Aim: Influences of Fiber Length on Fatigue Properties
4.4 Materials
4.4.1 Matrix Systems
4.4.2 Glass Fibers
4.4.3 Coupling Agents
4.4.4 Manufactured Composites
5 INFLUENCES ON MATERIAL PROPERTIES IN DIRECT PROCESSING
5.1 Influence of Screw Setup and Fiber Inlet
5.2 Influence of Processing Parameters and Number of Rovings
5.3 Conclusion of Process Investigation: Fiber Length Degradation in the IMC
5.3.1 Fiber Fracture in the Compounding Extruder
5.3.2 Fiber Fracture during Melt Buffering and Injection
5.3.3 Fiber Fracture during Cavity Filling
5.4 Fiber Alignment during Cavity Filling
6 INFLUENCE OF FIBER LENGTH ON COMPOSITE PROPERTIES UNDER STATIC LOAD
6.1 Short Term Properties of Glass Fiber Reinforced Composites
6.2 Modelling of Fiber Length Influence on Short Term Properties
6.3 Micromechanical Phenomena under Static Load
6.4 Conclusions from the Previous Paragraphs
7 INFLUENCE OF FIBER LENGTH ON COMPOSITE PROPERTIES UNDER FATIGUE LOAD
7.1 Long Term Properties of Glass Fiber Reinforced Composites
7.2 Self-Heating of the Samples during Testing
7.3 Modelling of Fiber Length Influence on Long Term Properties
7.4 Micromechanical Phenomena under Dynamic Load
7.5 Conclusions from the Previous Paragraphs
7.6 S-N-Curves of seleced Composites
7.6.1 Residual Strength after Dynamic Testing
7.6.2 Conclusions from the Previous Paragraphs
8 FUTURE PERSPECTIVES: TRANSFER TO REALITY
9 DEUTSCHE ZUSAMMENFASSUNG
10 ABBREVIATIONS, EQUATIONS & INDICES
10.1 Abbreviation
10.2 Formula Symbols
10.3 Indices
11 LITERATURE
12 OWN PUBLICATIONS RELATED TO THIS THESIS
Curriculum Vitae
作者簡介：
1979年5月 出生于德國奧伊廷；
1998年 德國蒂門多爾費爾斯特蘭德中學畢 業；
2007年 獲亞琛工業大學博士學位；
2007-2012年 德國拜羅伊特大學高分子工程研究院，研究員；
2012-至今 住友德馬格塑料機械有限公司技術開發部，工程師。
更多詳細報道請關注復材網www.lzzz.net
